Pablo Neruda :: Poetry Poet Poems

Pablo NerudaPablo Neruda, a quien llamamos en el escalafn consular de ChileRicardo Reyes, nos naci en la tierra de Parral, a medio llano centralen el ao 1904, al que siempre contaremos como de natividadesverdicas. La ciudad de Temuco lo tiene por suyo y alega el derecho dehaberle dado las infancias que imprimen carcter en la crianzapotica. Estudi letras en nuestro Instituto Pedaggico de Santiago yno se convencin de la vocacin docente, comn en los chilenos. Algnministro que apenas sospechaba la cosa ptima que haca, lo mand enmisin consular al Oriente a los veintitrs aos, poniendo muchaconfianza en esta brava mocedad. Vivi entre la India Holandesa yCeiln y el Ocano Indico que es una zona muy especial de losTrpicos, turkey cock cinco aos de su juventud, trabajando su sensibilidadcomo lo hubiesen hecho veinte aos. Posiblemente las influenciasmayores cadas sobre su temperamento sean esas tierras ocenicas ysuper-clidas y la literatura inglesa, que l conoce y traduce concapacidad de prcer. Antes de dejar Chile, su libro Crepusculario le haba hecho cabezade su generacin. A su llegada de provinciano a la capital, lencontr un grupo alerta, vuelto hacia la liberacin de la poesa porla reforma potica, de anchas consecuencias de Vicente Huidobro, elinventor del Creacionismo.La obra de los aos siguientes de Neruda acaba de ser reunida por laeditorial espaola Cruz y Raya en dos muy dignos volmenes que sellaman Residencia en la Tierra. La obra del capitn de los jvenesofrece, desde la cobertura, la gracia no pequea de un ttulo agudo.Residencia en la Tierra dar todo gusto a los estudiosospresentndoles una ligazn de documentos donde seguir, anillo poranillo, el desarrollo del formidable poeta. Con una lealtad a s mismoy de entrega entera a los extraos, l ofrece en un orden escrupuloso,desde los poemas amorfos e iniciales de su segunda manera hasta lapulpa madura de los temas de la madera, el vino y el apio. Se llegapor jalones lentos hasta las tres piezas ancladamente magistrales deltro de materias. Recompensa cumplida los poemas mencionados valen noslo por una obra unmarried podran tambin cumplir por la poesaentera de un pueblo joven. Un espritu de las ms subida originalidadhace su camino buscando eso que llamamos la expresin y el logro deuna lengua potica personal. Rehusa las prximas, es decir, lasnacionales Pablo Neruda de esta obra no tiene relacin alguna con lalrica chilena. Rehusa tambin la mayor parte de los comerciosextranjeros algunos contactos con Blake, Whitman, Milosz, parecencoincidencias temperamentales.Pablo Neruda Poetry Poet PoemsPablo NerudaPablo Neruda, a quien llamamos en el escalafn consular de ChileRicardo Reyes, nos naci en la tierra de Parral, a medio llano centralen el ao 1904, al que siempre contaremos como de natividadesverdicas. La ciudad de Temuco lo tiene por suyo y alega el derecho dehaberle dado las infancias que imprimen carcter en la crianzapotica. Estudi letras en nuestro Instituto Pedaggico de Santiago yno se convencin de la vocacin docente, comn en los chilenos. Algnministro que apenas sospechaba la cosa ptima que haca, lo mand enmisin consular al Oriente a los veintitrs aos, poniendo muchaconfianza en esta brava mocedad. Vivi entre la India Holandesa yCeiln y el Ocano Indico que es una zona muy especial de losTrpicos, tom cinco aos de su juventud, trabajando su sensibilidadcomo lo hubiesen hecho veinte aos. Posiblemente las influenciasmayores cadas sobre su temperamento sean esas tierras ocenicas ysuper-clidas y la literatura inglesa, que l conoce y traduce concapacidad de prcer.Antes de dejar Chile, su libro Crepusculario le haba hecho cabezade su generacin. A su llegada de provinciano a la capital, lencontr un grupo alerta, vuelto hacia la liberacin de la poesa porla reforma potica, de anchas consecuencias de Vicente Huidobro, elinventor del Creacionismo.La obra de los aos siguientes de Neruda acaba de ser reunida por laeditorial espaola Cruz y Raya en dos muy dignos volmenes que sellaman Re sidencia en la Tierra. La obra del capitn de los jvenesofrece, desde la cobertura, la gracia no pequea de un ttulo agudo.Residencia en la Tierra dar todo gusto a los estudiosospresentndoles una ligazn de documentos donde seguir, anillo poranillo, el desarrollo del formidable poeta. Con una lealtad a s mismoy de entrega entera a los extraos, l ofrece en un orden escrupuloso,desde los poemas amorfos e iniciales de su segunda manera hasta lapulpa madura de los temas de la madera, el vino y el apio. Se llegapor jalones lentos hasta las tres piezas ancladamente magistrales deltro de materias. Recompensa cumplida los poemas mencionados valen noslo por una obra individualist podran tambin cumplir por la poesaentera de un pueblo joven. Un espritu de las ms subida originalidadhace su camino buscando eso que llamamos la expresin y el logro deuna lengua potica personal. Rehusa las prximas, es decir, lasnacionales Pablo Neruda de esta obra no tiene relacin alguna con lalrica chilena. Rehusa ta mbin la mayor parte de los comerciosextranjeros algunos contactos con Blake, Whitman, Milosz, parecencoincidencias temperamentales.

L.a. confidential :: essays research papers

Commonly, when we make value judgements about people we speak as if there were a single norm towards which everyone ought to be growing. Theyre supposed to succeed in becoming blameless specimens. You can tell whether they do by seeing how well they perform according to a checklist of desired features. We also speak as if people have an outback(a) and an inside, and that on the inside, theyre really either good or bad. Its hard to analyze Ellroys characters in these terms. For Bud White wed have to say that he was warped by his early trauma. What his father did to him made him a brute, yet he still has large inner decency to try to prevent women from being abused. OrWait a minuteis it the opposite? maybe, hes a brute by nature and its only convey to the terrible thing that happened to his mother that he has some morality. Neither of these explanations fronts to satisfy, because the framework on which they are constructed is inadequate. Bud doesnt seem to fit into a dichotomy of outside versus inside. Also, the things that make him bad seem more or less identical to the things that make him good his hatred of violence towards women, his blind persistence. Bud White doesnt seem to have had any chance at perfection. So, what can he do then, assuming he wants to make a decent adult out of himself? Maybe Bud has to start out from where he is and we have to interpret his current actions against that background instead of comparing them to an abstract, one-size-fits-all standard. L.A. Confidential is about three men and a woman who find themselves in medias res. They dont get any single chance to decide forever what theyll be. Theyre already on the wrong side. They dont seem to be adequate to separate out their imperfections from their perfections, so their job seems to be to take all of what theyve got, including their neuroses and the ghosts from their past, and to use it as raw material to continuously reconstruct themselves. They cant make themselves perf ect the moving finger has already written and moved on. The things that they go through, terrible as they are, do give them a chance to make themselves better.

Comparing Dystopian Dream of Brave New World, The Handmaid’s Tale and GATTACA :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Dystopian Dream of Brave New beingness, The Handmaids Tale and GATTACA In Utilitarianism, John Stuart move writes that it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied. By this he meant there are qualitative degrees of satisfaction and if to be satisfied were lowered in status to that of a pig, its better for us to be dissatisfied humans. The film GATTACA and the books Brave New World and The Handmaids Tale create fictional places where the needs and desires of humans are met, but non as well as they should be and not without a price. Given the achievements in science everywhere the last several decades, specifically in areas of genetics and biology, it is no wonder why we dream of mend our world in the name of progress. But with social progress in these tales comes repressed individuality, loss of personal freedom, and discrimination of those who arent the biological elite. Because such stories roll in the hay with these potential imperfections of utopia , theyre called dystopias, pessimistic visions of societies striving to be ideal but never reaching their goal. Utopian and Dystopian thinkers differ in their views of human nature. piece Utopians see human nature as basically good, Dystopians cannot share such optimism. Human nature, in their view, is much like science, neither good nor bad, but varied and variable, potentially both good and evil. Even in the most ideal circumstances, Dystopians believe theres no escaping those who desire power and control over others. (Dystopia Handout) In Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale those who seize power in the Republic of Gilead are the Commanders, men who arrange a right extension militant theocracy that demotes women and controls society. After a political massacre eradicates pre-Gilead government and environmental disasters threaten the proliferation of the human race, those women still capable of reproducing are forced to bear children for those who cannot. Those gold enough to become Handmaids are spared from life in the Colonies handling toxic waste. Offred, the main character of the book, finds herself stripped away from her family and her previous role in society. quite of being a wife and a mother, she is what Lois Feuer calls a walking womb, useful only because shes still fertile in a world where impressiveness is rare.. In GATTACA, as in The Handmaids Tale, reproduction is controlled by an elite group of males, but in a slightly different way.

Galapagos Essay -- essays research papers

Kurt Vonneguts Galapagos was written one million years ahead of the year 1986 AD. In this book, Vonnegut argues that the ultimate effect of humanitys sociological problems with technology is that mans intelligence will be the downfall and destruction of the human race. The essential point made by Vonnegut in this work is that the "great big brains" of humanity drives people to go further into technology and create new weapons that will lead to the demolition of man merciful Vonnegut disagreed against virtually every technological development (made by big brains). It was the humans big brains that always gave them foolish or reckless ideas that almost always had veto results. Though it may tell the rest of your body to do the things that make you eat, breathe and sleep, it will occasionally tell you to something that might endanger or tear you. For example, Mary Hepburns big brain was telling her she had nothing to live for, and gave her the urge to grab the plastic wrap f rom her red gown to suffocate herself and reach suicide (page 26).Kurt Vonnegut journeyed into the minds of each of the characters, the readers are be able to know what the character was thinking, which played a good part in the story particularly because the reference made mention to how the great big brains of one million years ago (1986 A.D.) gave people all of these thoughts and ideas that people today cant do with their smaller brains. The characters begins with a ghost of a deca...

Representations of Gothic Power in Karl Freunds Mad Love :: essays research papers

Representations of Gothic Power in Karl Freunds Mad Love (1935)In Karl Freunds 1935 film, Mad Love, many themes of Gothicism are addressed, such as the dichotomy of science and supernaturalism, the romance of suffering and the intrigue of insanity. However, one particular theme source through means of superiorityis addressed in thorough detail. In defining this power, Freund specifically utilizes the motifs of sadism, helplessness, and human destruction. Dr. Gogol embodies these motifs as he attempts to win the love of Yvonne, non through courtship, but rather through the use of his self-assigned superiority. In staying true to the history of Gothic art, Dr. Gogol overestimates his supremacy, and ultimately loses his life as the victim of his own destruction.Sadism, the close to persistent aspect of power in the film, has been a significant feature of Gothic literature and art. As stated by the American critic discoloration Edmundson, you cannot have Gothic without a cruel hero-v illain without a cringing victim and without a terrible placein which the drama can unfold (Davenport-Hines, 8). This description of sadism is witnessed in the character of Dr. Gogol, the only person capable of both saving and destroying the heroine, Yvonne Orlac. As the film opens, the audition is presented with an overt depiction of Dr. Gogols incessant choler for Yvonne in the Theater of Horrors. As Yvonne is being brutally tortured on the stage, Dr. Gogol watches intently from his private box, partially obscured by the dark curtain. This initial representation cues the audience to identify Dr. Gogol as a particularly sinister individual. After the play ends and Dr. Gogol is recognized as a regular attendee of the theater, it becomes clear that this performance and its guide actress constitute Dr. Gogols infatuation with sadistic pleasures. After Stephen Orlac loses his hands, Dr. Gogol realizes his position of power over Yvonne. As such, he personally indulges in sadistic be havior by secretly transplanting the murderers hands onto Stephens body, and once realizing the dangerous potential of the new hands, he does nothing to stop it. Rather, he manically rejoices in his creation and eventually exploits his medical position by framing Stephen for murder. Not only is Dr. Gogol pleased with the destruction he has caused, he appears to also be fire after admitting to himself that he has killed Stephens father. This overwhelming presence of sadism in Dr. Gogols obsession with Yvonne is employed not simply to win her love, but to exert an inevitable power over her.

Representations of Gothic Power in Karl Freunds Mad Love :: essays research papers

Representations of black letter Power in Karl Freunds disquieted Love (1935)In Karl Freunds 1935 film, Mad Love, many themes of Gothicism are addressed, such as the dichotomy of science and supernaturalism, the romance of suffering and the intrigue of insanity. However, one particular themepower through means of superiorityis addressed in thorough detail. In defining this power, Freund specifically utilizes the motifs of sadism, helplessness, and human destruction. Dr. Gogol embodies these motifs as he attempts to win the love of Yvonne, not through courtship, simply rather through the use of his self-assigned superiority. In staying true to the history of Gothic art, Dr. Gogol overestimates his supremacy, and ultimately loses his life as the victim of his own destruction.Sadism, the most persistent case of power in the film, has been a significant feature of Gothic literature and art. As stated by the American critic Mark Edmundson, you cannot have Gothic without a cruel hero- villain without a cringing victim and without a terrible placein which the drama can unfold (Davenport-Hines, 8). This description of sadism is witnessed in the display case of Dr. Gogol, the only person capable of both saving and destroying the heroine, Yvonne Orlac. As the film opens, the audience is presented with an overt depiction of Dr. Gogols incessant passion for Yvonne in the business firm of Horrors. As Yvonne is being brutally tortured on the stage, Dr. Gogol watches intently from his private box, partially obscured by the dark curtain. This initial representation cues the audience to identify Dr. Gogol as a particularly sinister individual. After the play ends and Dr. Gogol is recognized as a regular attendee of the theater, it becomes clear that this performance and its leading actress constitute Dr. Gogols infatuation with sadistic pleasures. After Stephen Orlac loses his hands, Dr. Gogol realizes his position of power over Yvonne. As such, he personally indulges in sadistic behavior by secretly graft the murderers hands onto Stephens body, and once realizing the dangerous potential of the new hands, he does nothing to stop it. Rather, he manically rejoices in his creation and last exploits his medical position by framing Stephen for murder. Not only is Dr. Gogol pleased with the destruction he has caused, he appears to also be aroused after admitting to himself that he has killed Stephens father. This overwhelming presence of sadism in Dr. Gogols obsession with Yvonne is employed not simply to win her love, but to exert an inescapable power over her.

Call for Freedom Essay

From the days pilgrims first kissed the land so rich, to the days they proclaimed the songs of liberty, America was indeed the land of the free, as Francis Scott Key at a time said. Those who flocked to America had the comparable dreams of freedom which they have been denied the right of in their mother land. They came to America with the pursuit of happiness. Once they obtained their happiness, their new found freedom, they undoubtedly revolted against all those who stood against their earnest treasure. Before any of this could be achieved, many struggled. Tears of anguish, disappear, and agony have been shed through years of hunger and slavery, yet little was done to exit people the right to live as if all men were attaind equal. Many groups struggled to get the freedom we now have. I am Joaquin, Necessary to Protect Ourselves, and What Is An Ameri mountain all portray group struggles for freedom, which persuade others to fight for freedom many of us still have not achieved th rough the readers collecting to their emotions.I am Joaquin is a story of an immigrant lost in a world of confusion. This epic poem traces the adventure of Joaquin through his courageous deeds, which portray the determine of his race. Using loaded language rich in connotations and natural imagery, the author captures a scene of suffering, not just the suffering of one individual, but of his altogether race. Phrases such as, I shed the tears of anguish/ as I see my children disappear, (lines 24-25) and I have survived the toils and slavery/ of the fields, (45-46) creates such imagery and terror in ones heart that they sympathize for the speaker and move them to agree with their call for freedom. The whole poem is a connotation for the speakers cry to just live with him for who he is. The reader can sympathize with the speakers feeling of rejection. This sympathy leads to acceptance, acceptance of the speaker and his call for freedom. Rejection is one of mans greatest fears, fear that no one wants to feel. Out of the dread of feeling fear, one is inspired to fight, fight for freedoms they have not yet achieved.A little weaker on its emotional appeal is Malcom Xs interview with Les Crane, Necessary to Protect Ourselves, and What is an American. Malcom Xuses more of a logical and ethical appeal by making comments such as I think all of us should be critics of each other. Whenever you cant stand criticism you can never grow. This comment, in contrast to the style of those made in I am Joaquin, which were more emotional rather than ethical, creates less of the urge to go out and make a difference. Rather than doing this, it creates a tone of hate, unlike in I am Joaquin where his comments created a tone of sympathy. This hate can be taken many blackball ways which may cause someones intention to do good by turning to doing wrong by offending someone with criticism. The same tone is created in What is an American.By making Europe seem as a place that takes adva ntage of its people and makes them work laboriously, the reader is exposed to an anti-European feeling. much(prenominal) phrases from What is an American as, Can a wretch who wanders about, who works and starves, whose life is a continual scene of sore affliction or pinching penury-can that man call England or any other kingdom his country, give this anti-European feeling and exaggerates to the truth to appeal to ones ethical senses that one should not have to live under these conditions. These stories do create inspiration, but inspiration that tells one to cause an uprising, which in the end might not be the most effective way to go.With much evaluation and contrast, it can be seen that the most effective call for freedom using appeals to ones emotional side is I am Joaquin. The loaded language rich in meanings and vivid imagery persuades one to go make a difference, a difference that is not only beneficial to themselves, but to generations after.

Distinctively Visual Essay

Distinctively visual imaging can either entice or outer space us from the world of the characters. Through language and calendar method of birth control, the readers become absorbed in the action and dynamics of the narrative or empathetic observers of the fight downs of others. Henry Lawsons go around stories The herdsmans Wife and In a Dry Season evoke a harsh, arid landscape scarce also benignant characters that spit out to survive. In contrast, the ballad The creation From Snowy River by A.B (Banjo). Patterson entices us in a world of action, excitement and mountain beauty that draws the interview into the world of the ballad. so images absorb us but we may receive that we be spectators or participants in the world of the text.Henry Lawson uses different language proficiencys in his suddenly story, The Drovers Wife, to convey the struggle of living in the Australian inaccessible. Lawsons techniques paint a scorched and barren landscape, which conveys to the audienc e, the characters battle to live in such conditions. These techniques that Lawson has skillfully utilise include repetition, colour imagery and irony. Lawson uses the repetition of Snake Mother, heres a snake so the audience would feel the urgency and the traumatising experience that the character is going through. This gives the audience an understanding of the struggle of every day life in the Australian outback. Lawson also uses colour imagery to draw a distinctively visual image of the dog, Alligator. Black, yellow-eyed dog-of-all-breeds Lawson describes the dog as if it is mutant-like and a terrifying out of the ordinary dog. This shows us that the dog has had to adapt to the unsophisticated and become abnormal solely to live through every day. This makes the audience feel scared of the bizarre dog, but also they also sympathize with it as it is living in such severe conditions.The repetition of She fought emphasizes how the mother must fight to keep her home and children s afe. She does not stop fighting to survive in the Australian outback for herself, her children, her dog and her home. The audience is esteemt to feel sympathetic towards the mother as she gets no rest and everyday she must work and fight to survive. The audience is given a feeling that this is not home for the faint hearted. They are intrigued, however, they do not pauperism to partake in the world of the text.The irony of, She loves her children, but has no time to show it. She is harsh to them. Gives the effect of the mother being the strong woman type and doesnt show affection. But this doesnt mean she doesnt want to show her children affection, it merely means that with all the work that is required of her in the Australian outback, she does not have the time. This makes the audience feel sympathetic towards the mother and her children. They feel sorry for the children that they cannot spend as much family time with their mother as most families would. The Drovers Wife gives a disconfirming feel of the outback and allows you to stand by the story but you are not invited in. The audience does not want to experience the harsh outback. One technique that is used is long sentences.Similarly, the short story In a Dry Season by Henry Lawson uses techniques to convey the struggle of living in the Australian outback and also makes the audience feel intrigued by the story but do not want to figure in the world of the text. Lawson uses imperative, minimalist descriptions and a sterile setting to make the audience spectators in the world of the text in an unromanticised fashion. Draw a wire fence this technique that Lawson uses is demanding our attention and elaborateness of the story. He is forcing the audience to draw the story and by doing this, they cannot participate in the world of the text.However, since the outback is so rough and unforgiving, the audience does not feel they want to participate anyway. A wire fence Few ragged gums Scattered sheep runnin g Train, this use of minimalist description reduces the landscape to just 4 key characteristics. By doing this, Lawson emphasizes the monotony of the bush. This makes the audience to feel the harsh ruggedness of the dull landscape. This then pushes them away from the world of the text and forces them to stay observers of the short story. The stereotypical setting that Lawson draws emphasizes the sameness of the bush. He draws the landscape broadly repeating, it is safe to encouraging the audience to assume that most towns share the same features. This shows that majority of the Australian outback is the same with their stores, pub, houses and the bush area. With the audience thinking this commonality between many small towns, they feel as though they want to stay observers rather than just being forced observers.Alternatively, The Man From Snowy River, a ballad written by A.B. (Banjo) Patterson, entices the audience and draws them into the story to live it out. He romanticises the A ustralian outback qualification the audience believe that the outback is a beautiful place to live with little worries. Banjo Patterson constructs this view of the Australian outback through its use of techniques. These techniques that Banjo Paterson has masterfully used throughout the ballad are alliteration, rhyming and rhythm. One technique used by Banjo Patterson is alliteration, And they charged beneath the stock whip with a sharp and sudden dash and thunder of their tread, which is used to make the ballad more intriguing and enticing for the audience. This then has the effect of making the audience want to participate in the world of the text as the outback is romanticised and seems enjoyable. Rhyming couplets such as the following were used throughout the ballad to give it flair and rhythm Then they halted for a moment, while he swung the dreaded lash, But they saw their well-loved mountain full in view,And they charged beneath the stock whip with a sharp and sudden dash, An d off into the mountain scrub they flew.The rhyming and rhythm throughout the ballad gives the audience a jubilant feel and also romanticises the Australian outback. Because of this, the audience feels that the outback is a joyful place to live they feel intrigued and are drawn into the world of the text and want to participate in the story.Therefore, the short stories Drovers Wife and In a Dry Season by Henry Lawson induce the monotony of the Australian outback and the sympathetic characters that struggle to survive everyday life. Audiences feel as though they as observers of the unromanticised short stories and are not a part of the world of the text. In contrast, the ballad The Man From Snowy River by A.B. (Banjo) Patterson shows a romanticised view of the Australian outback. Banjo Patterson writes of the action, excitement and the mountain beauty seen in his view of the outback. This entices the audience and makes them feel as though they are participants in the world of the bal lad. Consequently, images engage us but we may either feel that we are spectatorsor participants of the world of the text.

Communications and Media the use of social media Essay

What SouthWest Airlines (SWA) has done is to consolidate customers and fans for the better performance of its operation in clear(p) of competition it is facing. This is a clear case where neighborly media is being used as a channel that supports community building, customer collaboration and sharing ideas and grocery trends that propel the performance of a company. This strategy should be adopted in an ideal education situation so that university systems could look for ways of spicy and need learners to be more proactive. Still on SWA, the Company actively engaged fans on Facebook finished dribbleing different items and argumentative debates just to gather opinions on what customers expect from them. This is what Dani and Singer (2008) term as discrete approach to merchandising and feasibility study on what passel expect (p. 192). American University of Sharjah needs to meld a number of fond media tools into the learning process to reflect the success SWA has enjoyed within the shortest period of time it has been on business.Beginning with how SWA has integrated Facebook within its platform, it is grand to note that what American University of Sharjah should strive to achieve is to have social net geting. To contextualize this point, when using Facebook to engage customers, the case (Southern Airlines by Adam Saffer) reports that by circuit card a characterisation from Air Zealand there were 58 comments and 95 likes. These comments according to the author helped the Company strategize on the best approaches to deal with the demands of its client. Contextualizing this case, explore by the Higher Education interrogation Institute (HERI 2007) has shown that at least(prenominal) 87 percent of students in universities have social media accounts and as such, Facebook account for about 90 percent. This statistics shows that social networking websites have permit integral parts of students live at American University of Sharjah. It is from this perspec tive that the university should try as much as possible to engage students in decision do process by posting agendas and policies for debate. That is, facebook should be integrated as part of learning process. From the case, it has been noted that SWA communicated with Facebook fans in response to the questions and issues they were having. When there was a query or a problem from their fans, they could respond to the question on time and publicly. This is particularly to the issue that Lala Palelei asked on November 2nd 2009. It is from this approach that it is recommended for American University of Sharjah to actively engage with students with Facebook. As a matter of fact, Alexander Astin proposed a developmental theory that sought to engage with learners (Geyer et al. 2009). In his theory, he proposed that social interaction with learners help them formulate psychologically and physically. Just like what SWA did, responding to the issues students are asking should be evidence- based. That is, answers should be well researched so that engagement includes efforts students invest in their educational activities and such by trial and error connected to the objectives of the university.Just like SWA, American University of Sharjah is active on Twitter. It is important to note that adoption of official Twitter account is one factor, making it surmount empirical understanding of the use of such technology and the available theories regarding why it (the Twitter account) may alter a number of organizational process is another. It is from this musing that the university should muddle twitter account serve the purpose SWAs twitter account is doing. The case reads, of the social tools, SWA has found Twitter to be its primary subject matter of interacting with its public. There are inherent reasons as to why the Company finds Twitter to be a source of interaction. Citing a case, it is reported that Jessica Turner had an interesting post concerning newest service location which was geared towards attracting debates on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This post attracted attention of its followers to an extent that the SWA managed to understand dynamics of the market through what is termed as two-way communication between SWA and its publics. Basically, this is the recommendation the University needsa two-way communication between students, teaching staff and the public. This recommendation is evidence-based. Scholars such as Daly (2010) have studied the relationship between social practices and new technologies and found greater utility in the concept of affordance and unity because by positively engaging others through social media forums explain why organizations using same technology are likely to engage in disparate or similar work practices and communication. On 14th December 2014 the University through its official Facebook account affix the 12th NGN10 Competition where engineering students from the university were invited to c ontri alonee on the best way to make the lightest tower crane. While this approach is similar to what Christi Day did about his Twitter post on Grab your bag. Its on it is recommended that for effective interaction, the university should integrate marketing campaign when making such posts so that a conversation is generated between interested parties and students.Flickr and You Tube are other two social media SWA has used to profit on the needs of its customers and fans. On Flickr the information provided is that organizations such as the University can use social media to counter unrealistic claims and kick backts aimed at tarnishing its image. This is in regard to complain made by Scooteriscracy. However, to maintain transparency and avoid circumstances as the one SWA found itself in, the line between personal business and professional posting should be distinct. It is recommended that the University should be careful in its posting. Nuts about Southwest as the name of SWAs You Tube should be used as a benchmark in helping American University of Sharjah note that the use of social media also encompasses permitting every employer to self-publish as long as such publication conforms to specialized regulations of the institution. It is apparent that the manner in which the University uses You Tube does not allow people, including students to communicate or share their views and opinions across faculties or organizational boundaries. To conceptualize this recommendation, Brzozowski et al. (2009) conducted a research on the benefits of institutional engagements of leaners on social media. After interviewing 425 undergraduate students from the Midwestern institution, is was found that when learners are allowed to share, post or participate in education forums posted through social media there is a positive correlation between student engagement in the affairs of school and success of the school in policy drafting and implementation. In fact it is through this r ecommendation that SWA has managed to achieve its objectivegreat customer service (being ranked as the airline with the least cases of complaints per passenger since it started monitoring the data in 1987).It is important to mention, just like Fuller and Valacich (2008) does that the routine of social media in American University of Sharjah should be about providing meta-knowledge. That is, making the institution understand the type of people in its environ and what they may do so that good relationships and rapport is maintained. Just like what SWA is doing through blogging, the University could let students and employees create profiles pages on different social media where such pages have corporate directories information, photos as well as summary of content that individuals have contributed. It is from such initiatives that people will learn more about the interests, backgrounds and activities of students, workers. It is apparent that what SWA has succeeded in is creativity wh ich as not only placed it as one of the fasted growing companies but also made it become effective. This will be achieved if the University allows participation by all in social media activities. Finally, American University of Sharjah has a reputation to keep and for the usage of social media, maintenance of confidentiality, transparency and respect to the property should note be overshadowed by the quest to adopt the recommendation provided.ReferencesBrzo zowski, M., Sandholm, T., & Hogg, T. (2009). Effects of feedback and peer pressure oncontributions to enterprise social media. Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Supporting Group Work (pp. 6170). New York ACM. doi10.1145/1531674.1531684Daly, E. M., Geyer, W., & Millen, D. R. (2010). The network effects of recommending socialconnections. Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Recommender Systems (pp. 301304). New York ACM. doi10.1145/1864708.1864772Dani s, C., & Singer, D. (2008). A wiki instance in the enterpris e Opportunities, concerns andreality. Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Computer back up Cooperative Work (pp. 495504). New York ACM. doi0.1145/1460563.1460642Fuller, R. M., & Valacich, J. S. (2008). Media, tasks, and communication processes A theory ofmedia synchronicity. MIS Quarterly, 32, 575600.Geyer, W., Millen, D. R., Dugan, C., & Brownholtz, B. (2009). People sensemaking andrelationship building on an enterprise social networking site. Proceedings of the forty-second Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Los Alamitos, CA IEEE Computer Society Press. doi10.1109/HICSS.2009.343Higher Education Research Institute (2007) College freshmen and online social networking sites.Available at http//www.gseis.ucla.edu/heri/PDFs/pubs/briefs/brief- 091107SocialNetworking.pdf (last accessed 17th December 2014).Source document

Assessment and Office Equipment Essay

Unit purpose and aim This unit is about using a variety of different attitude equipment sideline manufacturers and organisational guidelines. Learning Outcomes Assessment Criteria The Learner will The Learner can 1. Know about different types of office equipment and its determinations 1. 1 light upon different types of equipment and their uses 1. 2 Describe the different features of different types of office equipment 1. 3 Explain why different types of equipment are chosen for tasks 2. Understand the purpose of following instructions and health and safety procedures ExemplificationLearning outcomes 1 to 6 must be assessed using methods appropriate to the assessment of knowledge and understanding. A holistic coming to assessment should be adopted so that one piece of examine covers more than one learning outcome and several assessment criteria. 2. 1 Explain the purpose of following manufacturers instructions when using equipment 2. 2 Explain the purpose of following organisatio nal instructions when using equipment 2. 3 position health and safety procedures for using different types of equipment 2. 4 Explain the purpose of following health and safety.Procedures when using equipment 2. 5 Explain the purpose of OCR 2010 1 retentivity equipment clean and hygienic 3. Understand how to use equipment in a way that minimises waste 3. 1 fall apart examples of waste when using equipment 3. 2 Give examples of ways to reduce waste 3. 3 Explain the purpose of minimising waste 4. Know about the different types of problems that whitethorn occur when using equipment and how to deal with them 4. 1 Give examples of equipment problems 4. 2 Explain the purpose of following manufacturers instructions and organisational procedures when dealing withproblems 4. 3 Give examples of how to deal with problems 5. Understand the purpose of meeting bailiwick standards and deadlines 5. 1 Explain the purpose of meeting work standards and deadlines when using equipment 6. Understand the purpose of leaving equipment and the work area ready for the next user 6. 1 Explain the purpose of leaving equipment and the work area ready for the next user 7. Be able to use office equipment 7. 1 Locate and film equipment needed for a task 7. 2 Use equipment following manufacturers and organisational guidelines Assessment should be planned.To maximise the opportunities for the candidate to demonstrate their ability to use office equipment. 7. 3 Use equipment minimising waste 7. 4 Keep equipment clean and hygienic 7. 5 Deal with equipment problems following manufacturers and organisational procedures 7. 6 link up problems, if required 7. 7 own sure final work product meets agreed requirements 7. 8 Make sure that product is delivered to agreed timescale 7. 9 Make sure equipment, 2 OCR 2010 resources and work area are ready for the next user Assessment This unit is centre assessed and externally verified.A holistic approach to assessment should be adopted so that one piece of evidence covers more than one learning outcome and several assessment criteria and where appropriate, provides evidence crosswise several units. Your assessor will use a range of assessment methods which may include ? observation of performance in the work environment ? trial run of work products ? questioning the learner ? discussing with the learner ? use of others (witness testimony) ? looking at learner statements ? recognising prior learning Evidence requirementsA range of evidence should be gathered to cover the Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria. Examples may include ? Job requests/briefs from colleagues ? Copies of work produced using equipment ? Fault/problem logs indicating your response ? Records of training in use of equipment ? Minutes of team/1 to 1 meetings, relating to use of equipment ? Annotated copies of relevant sections in user manuals.The candidate must demonstrate their ability to use a range of office equipment including a computer, printer, and ph otocopier along with other equipment necessary to carry out their job eg telephone, franking machine,fax machine, data projector, shredder, laminator, binder, paper folder. Guidance on assessment and evidence requirements Refer to sections on Assessment and Evidence requirements above. National Occupational Standards (NOS) mapping/signposting This unit is based on the NOS BAA231 Use office equipment. Functional skills signposting This section indicates where candidates may have an opportunity to develop their functional skills. OCR 2010 3 Link to functional skills standards http//www. qcda. gov. uk/15565.aspx Functional Skills Standards English Mathematics ICT Speaking and Listening ? Representing ? Use ICT systems ? Reading ? Analysing ? set out and select schooling ? Writing ? Interpreting ? Develop, present and communicate information ? Resources Access to a working environment with associated equipment and resources Additional information For further information regarding adm inistration for this qualification, please refer to the OCR document Admin Guide Vocational Qualifications (A850) on the OCR website www. ocr. org. uk.

Alcohol vs Marijuana

Alcohol and marijuana atomic number 18 two drugs commonly used and abused in the United States. Alcohol is the outcome wiz abused drug, while marijuana is number one among sinful drugs. While inebriant remains legal, and marijuana illegal, this does not necessarily mean that alcohol is better for you. There select been many arguments where muckle suggest that marijuana should be legal because alcohol is more deadly. On the other hand, there are alcoholics who would tell a pothead that smoking weed is bad for you.Both substances are truly bad for your health and should not be heavily used by anyone but we do need to be a little more piteous to the people that do drugs because you dont know what they go done in life . Although, Marijuana has such a bad reputation Marijuana is one of the virtually common drug today and its also arrant. however what exactly is marijuana? Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seed, and flowers of the c annabis plants. There are a lot of names for this drug and they are pot, herb, weed, grass, boom, mary jane, gangster, or chronic.Marijuana has been around for many years and has been thought to be illegal and harmful. But marijuana has been used for medical reasons, including medicine, hemp rope, crude cloth and enjoyment. Why do modern people use marijuana? There are many reasons why they do that and most young people smoke marijuana because their friends or brothers and sisters use marijuana and pressure them to try it. others may think its cool to use marijuana because they hear songs near it and see it on TV and in movies. Some teens may feel they need marijuana and other drugs to help them put off from their problems at home, at school, or with friends.Alcohol is a drug that is classified as a central nervous system depressant. There are three forms of alcohol, beer, wine and distilled spirits. Alcohol is one of the most commonly used drugs in the United States and has more adverse effects that most other drugs combined. There are many aspects to consider when thinking about alcohol as a drug. There are many myths surrounding alcohol, including who uses it, what its effects are on users, social and sexual situations and the amounts people drink. The enormous majority of the American population uses alcohol and in many various ways and this also causes different effects.Alcohol is also has a great designer in crimes committed by users, social, medical, and educational problems as a result of use as well. Marijuana and alcohol are similar in many ways because weed and alcohols seems to satisfy most teenagers in todays world. Some of there similar effects are that they both make you very hungry and sleepy and they both make you escape from reality. When I say they both make you escape from reality I mean that most people drink in smoke because they are going through something and they just dont want to think about it anymore and thats how they escape from reality.If they were to get rid of marijuana and alcohol I think that would be very formidable. As you can see marijuana and alcohol are the most common drugs used in todays society but does that make it right for everyone to do them? Should alcohol be illegal since marijuana is illegal or should they both be legal? Those are some of the questions you have to ask yourself because just because your friends are drinking and smoking doesnt mean you have to drink and smoke also, jus be above the influence

English society and lifestyles Essay

He also demonstrates his strength by bending a fire poker in half, this proves that he is dangerous and willing to go to either length to get what he wants. Because of his butch, scary description in the first break away of the story, he may come across and un-educated. He is actually actually cunning, he thinks of all the imitation things in his room, these lead to the deaths. He is rattling clever, even Holmes addresses him as cunning. Jabez Wilson Jabex Wilson is a character in the story the ruby headed federation he is the owner of a local pawnshop, he is given a false job in the story.The fake job he is given, although simple pays rattling good money, he takes the job and leaves his partner in charge of his pawn shop, him taking the job shows that, like anybody in Victorian England, he would do anything for money, he also took on his assistant , Vincent spaldling, because he offered to come at half wages. Vincent Spalding Vincent Spalding is the character of Wilsons assi stant in the red headed league. He tricks Wilson into loss him the shop so that he can dig to a nearby bank.He is actually john clay in disguise, john clay is a famous bank robber who is wanted by the police. he is very cunning with the way he works, he fixed a fake advertisement, fake job, fake identity all for one job, this in some ways shows that he has determination and devotion to what he does. The place of servants The place of servants throughout these stories, is non very obvious. in the speckled band the manor house in which Helen Stoner and Dr Roylott live, is said to have a room for the maid. this shows that housing was provided for servants.It shows that although there is a definite hierarchy between master and servant, considerations are made on the part of food, and housing. The role of women In the three stories which I studied the role of women varies, in the man with the twisted lip Mrs. St Clare comes across as the type of woman that stays in and cooks and cleans at her husbands demands, she has dinner for him at his arrival home in the evening and doesnt ask where his money comes from or what he does, she just accepts that it is money.Whereas is the speckled band Helen Stoner is much more independent of her self, she rides on the curb and dog cart in the early hours of the morning without permission, she tries to find out for herself the cause of her sisters death and seeks out her own help even though she is richly aware of her stepfathers capabilities. The nature of Law and Order Compared to real Victorian England the police in the stories come across as very laid back, in the red headed league they are fully aware of the happenings and still offer to make all of it disappear even though it is a very large investigation, and is very important.Although the police are satisfactory to the community, Holmes always seems to outsmart them, as it were, always get there first. But yet he is not a part of the police service, he isnt running a p rivate service for money because he only asks for the expenses to be paid. this shows his devotion to the service and how he doesnt do it for the money. Transport and communications The transport in the stories is quite modern in some parts, in the speckled band, Helen stoner uses a train to stress Holmes, this shows that train run at all hours, because she was traveling at early hours of the morning.She also used a dog cart or horse and carriage. intercourse was not really mentioned in the stories but telephones are mentioned a few times, this shows more than telegram communication is used . Show preview only The supra preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Counselors as Companions and Ethics in Human Services

The article from tragedy to triumph was very interesting to read. I believe that the direction gained a lot of knowledge about himself and his counseling technique during the time that he had Steve as a client. I think the counselor was trying to go into up with a solution to Steves problems and make his journey easier and less painful. I believe that the moral to the story is that sometimes people need to go through the tough times to discover sunrise(prenominal) things about themselves and get to a comfortable place in animation. By taking the longer, rougher road, Steve learned more(prenominal) about himself, his limitations and his strengths.This allowed for even bigger better possibilities in Steves life. The counselor cant be responsible for Steves personal journey and describe him d suffer the easier path. The counselor should only be along for the ride with Steve and allow Steve to experience the difficult moments. Steve had to come to the realization that he had to cho ose a various path and create different goals. I think that the counselor will now change the way he tries to fix a clients problems, and instead allow him to experience and overcome some of the rougher more challenging things in their life.I believe that there are people that we come into get across with that teach us life lessons and change us and the way we think and do things. As we meet extraordinary people, we learn from them and in many instances reach out to be like them, or maybe even not like them. Just like an infant, we are always seeing new things and meeting new people who influence us in many different ways. As a result of the relationship that Steve had with his counselor, he has learned that sometimes the goals we set for ourselves may be unattainable.However, just because a goal needs to be modified a little, it doesnt make it any less spectacular and important. Steve has learned that life is unpredictable and as things change, the goals he sets might need to c hange too. The relationship was beneficial for both Steve and the counselor, because they both learned new things and grew as people and professionals. accord to National Organization of Human Services (n. d. ), Statement 36 Human service professionals foster self- certifiedness and personal growth in themselves.They recognize that when professionals are aware of their own values, attitudes, cultural background, and personal needs, the process of helping others is less likely to be negatively impacted by those factors. Steves counselor started to realize that his own personal needs and thoughts were impacting the treatment process. This would be a reason to review the estimable standards and evaluate how to get back on track. It is important to follow ethical standards to protect the clients rights, dignity, and also promote their welfare. A code of ethics also establishes a standard for all human service workers to follow. References Halstead, R.W. (2000). From disaster to Trium ph Counselor as Companion on the Heros Journey, Counseling & Values, 44(2), 100. National Organization of Human Services. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.nationalhumanservices.org/ethical-standards-for-hs-professionalsself

Theoretically Applied Practices Of Public Relations Commerce Essay

McElreath statesthat all public dealingss ( PR ) plan consists of a bountiful assortment of snuff it and maps ( 1997, p.161 ) . Theoretically, PR is a relatively new subject which converges modern governion, communalisation, administrative technology, sociology, societal psychological intelligence and other scientific disciplines. In other words, PR can be widely implemented by the authoritiess, concern endeavors, public establishments and societal organisations in the development advancement of modern market state of personal matters ( Har depressive disorder, 1976, p.36 ) . It has been shown that PR is a comprehensive and effectual tool which facilitates the advancement of an administration s construction. Rehearsing through the political platform of PR theory will enable PR practicians presend a better and cle ber understanding on PR. at that placefore, it is advisable and necessary to set the PR theory into pattern.Harmonizing to Kirby s ( 2009, p.33 ) reappraisal, the mo dern-day public dealingss theories can be categorized into troika groups, dwelling of communicating, receiving system response and pattern theories. This essay explores three theories of different groups and identifies three appropriate illustrations of chosen theories in modern-day public dealingss pattern. First, it states the definition and state of affairs of each theory. Second, it chooses a relevant illustration and demonstrates how the chosen PR theory is applied to pattern. In add-on, it discusses the links between the fundamental elements of each theory and its practical illustration. At last, it considers on ethical issues alike challenges or benefits and discusses which type of moralss is accommodate for each illustration. Its intent is to do connexions between three theories and their application in the existent universe.The hierarchy of effect is a typical type of the theories of communicating, concerned with the procedure of communicating. Unlike other type of com municating theories, such(prenominal) as Shannon and Weaver s sup viewal account of communicating, situational theory, the humankind sphere and systems theory, it is besides a predominate notional account for advertisement or recommending with clear presentation. Actually, it is a unidirectional communicating, highlights the message/ aims ( without complete lawfulness ) through media and values the consequences of the communicating from the receiving systems ( the populace ) ( Kirby, 2009, p.33 ) . Its intent is to propaganda as it is manufacturer oriented ( Kirby, 2009, p.34 ) .In get hold in to recommend the new safe s excellence, a safe field advertised a three-sentence station. In the first sentence, it wrote that looking for the proprietor of a million US dollar. The following two sentences sh bed the reading that at that place was $ 1,000,000 inside the safe at the exhibition hall anyone could take the money off in any agencies without dismaying. The advertizemen t roargond over the metropolis. All kinds of possible proprietors came but left with empty custodies. The major topical anaesthetic newspapers reported on this issue freely but significantly. In the terminal, this house s safe won increasing assessment. This illustration reflects on the practical usage of be aftering intelligence event in the PR activity. Its procedure can be structured into two sides the house and the populace. The house formulates the advertizement by the house and disseminated the advertizement. Thereafter, the mass public receives the message on the advertizement, comprehends the message on the advertizement, comes to seek but in unreal and alterations their attitudes and reenforcing the safety of the safe. These six stairss reflect on a hierarchy of effects which leads to larn new behaviors and so it consequences the behaviour alteration ( McElreath 1997, p. 159 ) .There ar different agencies through which the transmitter sends the tuition to the receiving system. Seitel suggests the complex impacts come from by personal prejudices which can be nurtured by a myriad of factors, including stereotypes, symbols, semantics, equal influence and media ( 2007, p. 53 ) . New is the cardinal point for the doing the intelligence, peculiar(a)ly in advancing a new merchandise ( Seitel, 2007, p.54 ) . There is no intelligence value if following others because the populace will lose freshness and involvement. Therefore, several capablenesss of the PR professionals can be learnt from this instance analysis. For this, they unlock the positive head, full drama creativeness and imaginativeness, and take pick up action to win. Quite frequently, it is suggested to measure the aim on the pyramid type. The lower floor purposes that the receiving systems are conscious and acquire a general acknowledgment on it. Subsequently, it targets at a higher degree of responses more than clearly.As this instance is a manufacturer oriented autumn into the ethic ca talogue of teleology. In PR pattern, teleology is a philosophy explicating phenomena by their terminals or intents. The safe house wins first-class advertisement consequence with no address. In this procedure, the PR pattern arrives at its end. Therefore, it is a successful pattern, related to the hierarchy of effects theory, which additions the maximal effects by doing intelligence.Maslow s hierarchy of demands theory is a one-way communicating, imputing to the theories of receiving system response. Its group members like behavioral public dealingss theoretical account, societal exchange theory, societal larning theory, agenda puting theory and amplification likeliness theoretical account besides concern the receiving system response. The Maslow theoretical account concerns the receiving systems response of the communicated message. This theory theoretical account was defined by US psychologist Abraham Maslow ( 1954, p.91 ) when he observed that everyone had a motive of demands . These need have been put in five phases from the lower bed to the upper, including biological and physiological demands, safety demands, belongingness and love demands, wish demands and self-actualisation. Actually, the hierarchy of demands in PR can be interpreted with personal or organisational motive and the in that locationby satisfaction. It chiefly involves with issues of opportunism.This is an illustration stating the beginning and being of on-line merchandising of Daigaku Honyaku Centre ( DHC ) . DHC Corporation specializes in fabricating cosmetics. It bears a good apprehension of the blooming online concern market and cogwheels to utilize this new media to advance its trade fig and merchandises. The procedure of DHC s s online selling includes four methods online virus selling via ad web experimental selling via try-out experience word of oral cavity selling via persuasion from friends, consumers, booklet, mass media rank via telephone set or online booking free t ry-out, booking orders. Further, DHC grasps the advantageous of web to cut down marketing cost and increase selling business velocity in the same clip. Through website advertisement brotherhood, DHC invariably strengthens the constructs of its direct trade name selling and addictive-free merchandises to the possible consumers.In the enhancive industry, consumers vary their demands in different degree of Maslow five phases. That is to state, different merchandises cater for different degrees of human demands. Maslow ( 1954, p.92 ) explained that self-actualization was ongoing and carry throughing procedure of the peculiar and individul want that pushed people to go what they desire. Relatively, cosmetics have the characters of little size but of high monetary value, convience of buying and low perceptual experience of hazard. So they are rather equal to sale on the online promenade and particular shopping web sites. It is widely agreed that the web is the modern-day manner platfor m for seeking study and amusement. This instance shows that organisations move to the right topographic points where gathers the bulk of consumers. DHC invetigated the consumers demands and so planed the on-line selling plan. It arranges distribution of decorative try-outs to pull the web visiters and possible consumers. Furthermore, it assures the credibleness and map of its cosmetics. Therefore, it fulfills its purpose to excite the consumption desire.In the one-way communicating ptocess, receiving system responses are cognitive responses ( thought procedures ) , affectional responses ( specks and emotions ) and behavioral responses ( actions ) ( Kirby, 2009, p.33 ) .. In the pattern debase of Optometry online selling, DHC suffers many challenges. The primary 1 is how to acquire on-line visitants and how to motive the possible consumers to purchase its merchandises. As the online shoppers are untouchable without the connexion of web and computing machines. They prefer clcking the web site to order and pay, instead than shoppping on the noisy streets and crowdy shopping centres. Therefore, the cardinal issues for DHC s online selling is to happen the consumers and derive assurance from them.The DHC instance enlightens that there is non merely the immense powers from the web, but besides a warning that any sorts of advertizements or selling plans should be planned on the premiss of people. Practicaly, there is the being of demand to hold production which is to hold ingestion and the market or, it is a must to make demands when there is no demand nowadays. Therefore, the key to the existent selling success lies in homo will and demands.The four theoretical accounts of Grunig and Hunt ( 1984 ) , besides named as the theories of pattern, are used rather frequently in PR pattern. There are press agentry, public information theoretical account, bipartisan a rhombohedral public dealingss, bipartisan rhombohedral public relation particularlay, the bipartisan symmetric theoretical account is widely applied as the ideal theoretical account of PR. The bipartisan symmetric theoretical account purposes a common apprehension, merely positions of both the populaces and the administration ( Grunig & A Hunt, 1984, p.22 ) . This attack advocates birth edifice through duologue, listening and gained common apprehension.Jonson & A Jonson ( JNJ ) s endurance from the Tara Noel / Tylenol capsule net is a instance of crisis PR. Recalled as 1982 Chicago Tylenol slayings, several individuals were ill or died for taking the Tara Noel capsule. Subsequently, the interrogatory of Tylenol capsule showed that it contained cyanide toxics. By the rapid and broad spread of the intelligence, the consumers were striken with terror and the partnership s image rocked bottom. As a consequence, JNJ suffered a black economic diminution. After a serious of precedures, JNJ endured and survived. The natural selection procedure of this can be recoginesed as following . Strategically, it applied four facets of crisis public dealingss world-class, taking enterprises and seting the public foremost secondly, reacting and moving with Ssincerity and honestness thirdly, taking ain duty foremost fourthly, look intoing the truth. In the outside environment, JNJ move supportaton from the media. It halted all the commercial advertizements on the newspapers, maganizes and telecastings. Besides, it issued a national-wide danger warning to infirmaries, physicians and retail merchants. On the behalf of consumers benefits, JNJ provided information and circularize the truth through the mass media. Tonss of staff were placed to supervise intelligence coverage and the phone so that they could be familiar with the demands of the consumers. Furthermore, JNJ cooperated with the media. All the developing procedure of crisis were exposed to the media. Therefore, it got tolerate a good feeling to some extent and make a cherished preferable public sentiment envir onment.In the position of rerurning to the market, when the invetigation consequences proved its innocece, JNJ strived many endevours. It put attempts to keep the trade name, promotiong the new medical specialty wadding. Last, it designated several interpreters and held a originative imperativeness conference. There the JNJ direction bed members answered the qustioons from more than five 100 journalists. Meantime, the picture of the new-paking Tara Noel was unwrap at the conference. Subsequently, the affiliates of JNJ called up 1000s of saleapersons to play this Tylenol picture. In this prcocess, most medical tretment groups and community members were informed and got back to buy medical specialties from JNJ. Thus, after one twelvemonth, JNJ regained the consumer s crebibility and took large part in the market.Despite a figure of critics doubting the cogency of all four theoretical accounts and the practicality of the symmetrical theoretical account in peculiar, Pearce ( 2009, para .7 ) intorduced Grunig s theory that about public dealingss, PR practicians and corporates CEOs do see and use these four theoretical accounts because they entirely describe the effectual communicating among different types of stakeholders or populaces. He salso claimed that symmetricalness communicating in PR pattern is the procedure of equilibrating the involvements of the company and the related consumers ( as cited in Pearce, 2009, para.16 ) . In this instance The JNJ s president -James Burke looked in complete control and took effectual measurings ( as cited in Rehak, 2002, para.5 ) . JNJ carried out crisis managemnt publically collected back all the shelf tablets and held the straightforward spirit of equity. JNJ apologised to the pulic ithout hesitaton. Furthermore, all of theses schemes were perfomed through the assistance of media. In return, consumers got assorted accessible agencies to portion their sentiments and complainments, got compensation regained concsumer s credits. From the above analysis, JNJ examplizes a bipartisan symmetric communicating of public dealingss with the assistance of mass media.Detailedly, every bit shortly as the bad intelligence was informed, the company take three effectual measurings within an hr. They appointed a group of members to retreat and look into the medine, sent crisis directors and public dealingss expertness to the topographic point for the benefits of public, and reported all the relevant ongong information and truth to the populace and media. So it can be defined the company s Kantian doctrine moralss as deontology, a standardalized duty to take the right thing and avoid donging the incorrect things ( Broad, 1930, p.277 ) . JNJ bears the duty, compensates the patients at the forfeit of the house itself. In a word, JNJ pays great attending to corporate s credibleness, patterns with humanitarianism and idolize the populaces and consumers involvements in the first topographic point.Harmonizing to t he applications of the three PR theories, it s non difficult to happen that issues direction, strategic placement, public and media communicating, and repute direction are the cardinal elements of PR theories related to the concern operation schemes ( Wilcox et al. , 2002, p.5 ) . Notably, erratic political relations and economic sciences are progressing rapidlyi?they do non merely convey waiter challenges to the development of PR, but besides provide a broad development filed. On the other manus, human existences are confronting some planetary jobs, such as the environmental protection, population enlargement, war and peace, international terrorists, smuggling, human rights and liberty, regional economic cooperation and development, resource research and development and so on. The significance of their being and ways to work out are no longer limited to a certain category, state, or state. As this is the really range that the application and pattern of PR are mixed to. Practition ers and professionals will face with the undermentioned common undertaking and challenge through planetary and trans-cultural to grind away communicating, organize a planetary common sense, promote the international coordination and cooperation, and forge to analyze and work out these planetary inquiries. From this point, it is predictable that there will be an increasing attending and application of the multi-functional PR, including consultative, prediction, thesis authorship and crisis direction. At least, this is the microscopic tendency for the development of PR.To reason, this essay has put three modern-day communicating theories into pattern, including Public traffic Hierarchy of Effects Model, Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs, and the Two-way Symmetric Model. It is a critical analysis and unembellished of these theories and their possible deductions separately and in combination for public dealingss pattern. The chief parts of each theory arrive with a description of a theor y as a foundation for what it means and where it focuses. The following plane section illustrates a elaborate illustration and demonstrates how the old theory is applied in the existent universe context. The terminal parts of these theories bring considerations on the ethical issues.In application of theories, this authorship has provided a comprehensive and innovative analysis of the links between all elements of your chosen theories and your practical illustrations, and supply strong justification for your determinations. judgment of ethical issues, an person and comprehensive treatment of ethical considerations in the three practical illustrations have been fulfilled. However, there are much more sophisticated applications of one or more of PR theories to the administration s direction and behavior in different state of affairss to be discussed in the hereafter survey.

Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Chemical Oceanography trace Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) Erika Mae A. Espejo tertiary year, BS Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman Abstract Dissolved innate proceeds (DOM), the fraction passing through a 0. 45 m membrane filter, is considered poorly understood mixture of organic polymers because of its complexity. Although it largely influences a lot of biogeochemical processes in aquatic environments, its characterization is not that simple.However, payable to the fact that it comprises optically active fraction called colored dissolve organic matter (CDOM) together with the help of its colloidal comp peerlessnts, tracing of DOM underside be possible. Through contrastive orders and instruments such(prenominal) as fluorescence fervour-emission spectroscopy, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), isolation-fractionation technique (pairing of fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy), and satellite impertinent sensors, analysis of DOM can be done which can help elucidate its kinetics in aquatic environments.Introduction When a corpuscle absorbs light (energy), an electron is frenzied and promoted to an unoccupied orbital. imagine 1 shows a Jablonski diagram which describes what happens when an electron is excited Fig. 1 Jablonski diagram The energy residue between the ground (S 0) and excited singlet states (S1, S2 or higher) determines the wavelengths at which light is oblivious. Absorption (excitation) can result in a range of transitions to various vibrational sublevels of excited singlet states, which is then followed by nonradiative relaxation to the lowest sublevel of the S 1 state, via vibrational relaxation and inbred conversion.Internal conversion, singlettriplet intersystem crossing and fluorescence then compete for relaxation to the ground state (S 0). The wavelength of the fluorescence emission is immovable by the difference in energy between S1 and S0 states. The gre ater the conjugation in the molecule, the lesser the difference in energy resulting in a longer wavelength of fluorescence. Discussion The fraction passing through a 0. 45 m filter includes material in true solution, together with some colloidal components, and is termed fade out organic matter (DOM).It could be autochthonous/external (from abasement of terrestrial plant matter which is change state and transported through river systems and estuaries to the marine environment), or allochthonous/internal (from exudation by phytoplankton, excretion by zooplankton, and post-death beingness decay process). DOM influences different aspects of aquatic environments like microbial and plankton (aquatic) ecology, trace metal speciation and transport, polycyclic smelling(p) hydrocarbons (PAHs) toxicity, trace urine masses, mobilization of organic and inorganic pollutants, photo degradation, drinking water treatment, and carbon budgeting.This implies that tracing and characterization of DOM is innate to understand its dynamics however, since DOM is a complex and poorly understood heterogeneous mixture of aliphatic and remindful polymers, and its composition varies in time and space depending on proximity to sources and exposure to degradation process, characterization is ponderous (involves large sample volumes and many stages) 4. The optically active fraction of DOM (passing through a 0. 2 m filter) is called the colored dissolve organic matter (CDOM). It absorbs ultraviolet and blue light radiation in 350-500 nm range and also fluoresces when excited by light .Its presence gives water a yellow/ brownish color (and often described as yellow substance or gelbstoff) and its light absorption is highest in the ultraviolet (UV) region and declines to near-zero levels in the red region of the spectrum 2. It plays an important role in determining the underwater light fields, re comprises a significant component of ocean optical signals for satellite-based measuremen ts of ocean color and can intermeddle in global and regional estimates of primary production affects the ocean color, underwater light fields and aquatic chemistry through a suite of sunlight-initiated photochemical processes 3.Thus, using spectroscopy, it can be used as a tracer for the characterization of the DOM pool. This review discusses four greetes in fluorescence spectroscopy for tracing CDOM. The first one is the Fluorescence Emission-Excitation Spectroscopy. Fluorescence excitationemission matrices (EEMs) are emission scans from excitations over a range of wavelengths (? ) which provide information on compute, types and abundance of fluorophores present in CDOM 4 . It can also ifferentiate between CDOM of terrestrial and marine origin (marine CDOM has a fluorescence maximum at shorter wavelengths than terrestrial). For multivariate analysis of EEMs, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a two-way data analysis method is used (for example 45 excitation ? times 150 emission ? equals 6750 variables). However, Stedmon et. al said that fit Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) is better suited to EEMs since it is a three-way version of the PCA where the data are peaceful into tri-linear components. Equation 1 describes the PARAFAC warning (the second approach) xijk = ? ifbifckf + ? ijk (1) where xijk is the intensity of the fluorescence for the ith sample at emission wavelength j and excitation wavelength k, aif is directly proportional to the concentration (moles) of the fth analyte in sample I, b jf is linearly related to the fluorescence quantum efficiency (fraction of absorbed energy emitted as fluorescence), ckf is linearly proportional to the specific absorption coefficient (molar absorbtivity) at excitation wavelength k, F defines the number of components in the model, and a residual matrix ? jk represents the variability not accounted for by the model. Figure 2 and stick out 3 show that the model reproduces the main features of the measured EEMs when the y sampled in the east coast of Jutland, Denmark This implies that PARAFAC modeling is an hard-hitting method of characterizing CDOM with EEMs. This approach was able to trace CDOM to help elucidate its dynamics Stedmon et. al said that the model was successful in grouping the fluorophores present into groups with similar structure. They have found out that excitation at longer ? uggests that the fluorophores responsible for this fluorescence are more aromatic in nature or contain some(prenominal) functional groups, the ratio of fluorescence in this region (500 nm) relative to the fluorescence at 450 nm, varies depending on the number of aromatic groups and, hence, the source of the material, and ratios twice as large in the estuary than in the terrestrial samples, suggests that the fluorescence is not only due to terrestrially derived matter but also CDOM produced/transformed in estuarine processes.As with the behavior of CDOM, results show that this approach distracting is capab le between of CDOM derived from different sources since in that respect are considerable differences in the composition of CDOM from sources of DOM. Table 1 shows the behavior of CDOM from different sources Table 1. Behavior of CDOM from different sources High fluorescence intensity Low fluorescence intensity Lakes there is a net production of ? Transported out of the forest and again autochthonous DOM during estuarine mixing (where the freshwater input from the stream mixes with the saline waters of the inner estuary) ?In freshwater due to mixing (dilution), and degradation/transformation ? In forest stream photochemical degradation due to exposure to sunlight (photochemical degradation bleaches the DOM fluorescence and causes the specific fluorescence to decrease) ? Results show that this approach enables us to establish relationships between general characteristics of the DOM pool and its fluorescent properties. The leash approach is the isolation-fractionation based technique s ((ion-exchange resins, reverse osmosis, rotary evaporation, and tangential flow ultrafiltration).However this approach uses isolates which may not solely reflect the actual structure, behaviour, interactions and reactivity of DOM in the natural environment due to alterations in the structure of the DOM during origin and concentration and due to their removal from the original environment in which they were situated. Nevertheless, the paired fluorescence and absorbance measurements can still distinguish CDOM from different sources. Figure 4 shows that DOC against a340 for all sample sites and demonstrates a strong correlation (r=0. 9, n=30) a340 was found to be the best proxy for DOC from all the optical measurements taken, where a340 is absorption coefficient at 340 nm (provide a check for inner-filtering effects when highly absorbent DOM quenches fluorescence, resulting in a decrease in intensity) Fig. 4 Relationship of DOC and a340 measured in River Tyne, northern England The l ast approach is through satellite removed sensing, a method that could estimate the amount of CDOM in surface waters over large geographic areas would be highly desirable.Satellite remote sensing has the potential to CDOM observation with high spatial and temporal soundness and enables scaling up to the level of large ecosystems and biomes which implies that match-ups have really high correlation (hence approach is 3 . Figure 5 below shows satellite measurements of CDOM successful and verified) Satellite-derived CDOM products will allow us to estimate processed such as ecosystem production of DOM and sunlight decomposition of CDOM 7 . The new odel will also allow us to clear the remote sensing estimates of phytoplankton (chlorophyll concentration) and productivity, and may open up new possibilities for using ocean color remote sensing with studies in areas such as photochemistry, the photobiology of ultraviolet radiation and even ocean circulation 3. Conclusion The greatness of CDOM in tracing and characterizing DOM has been showed through the use of its optical properties thus enabling us to explain the dynamics of its pool.The use of fluorescence spectroscopy makes it possible to distinguish the properties of CDOM which can enlighten us on how it influences the biogeochemical processes in the aquatic environments (for example the absorbance measurements can tell us what components of CDOM are present, its molecular weight down, it sources, etc), and how it behaves in different environments. References 1 Andy Bakera, Robert G. M. Spencer. Characterization of fade out organic matter from source to ea using fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy 2 C. A. Stedmon*, S. Markager . Behaviour of the optical properties of coloured dissolved organic matter under conservative mixing 3 S. P. Tiwari, P. Shanmugam. An optical model for the remote sensing of coloured dissolved organic matter in coastal/ocean waters 4 Colin A. Stedmona, Stiig Markagera, Rasmus Bro. T racing dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments using a new approach to fluorescence spectroscopy 5 Claude Belzile, Laodong Guo.Optical properties of low molecular weight and colloidal organic matter Application of the ultrafiltration permeation model to DOM absorption and fluorescence 6 C. Romera-Castillo, M. Nieto-Cid, C. G. Castro , C. Marrase, J. Largier, E. D. Barton, X. A. Alvarez-Salgado. Fluorescence Absorption coefficient ratio Tracing photochemical and microbial degradation processes affecting coloured dissolved organic matter in a coastal system 7 http//neptune. gsfc. nasa. gov/science/slides. php? sciid=73

Labor movement

Labor movements is a term that refers to a group of on the job(p) people who have come together so as to fight for better working basis from their employers. Labor movements started as early as the 18th century and they were faced with a lot of foeman from both the government and other institutions who were opposed to the idea. Some people sh atomic number 18 experiences and share the comparable interests and as a result they tend to come against other s whose interests are different from theirs. This leads to people with the same ideas coming and together and fighting for their own welfare hence leading to the creation of job movements. organic law of savvy movements even in the early days was faced with several challenges. The major hindrance to these movements is their need of power to talk over properly for the workers. Once a workers merger has been formed its main duty is to talk terms for better legal injury for its members scarcely this is non usually an easy task . In America, theres a process through which a workers uniting can negotiate with employers for better terms and its know as collective bargaining. For a Union to be recognized by the employer it must be an elected one or the employer may recognize it voluntarily.This act requires the employer to bargain in what is known as good faith and this clearly proves to be unfair and non friendly to the labor trade unions since the employer is not under any pressure to affiliate to the workers demands but the agreement reached must too be favorable to him.The terms of this process are not as well as friendly to workers as it proposes that all workers including even those who are not members of the union must bargain through this union and at no time can the employer negotiate with individual employees.Whenever negotiations are taking place and the dickens parties need to come to an agreement, its usually a nightmare for the employees representatives. This is the case to the highes t degreely when there needs to be a written agreement in the midst of the employees and the employers because the employers bargain without any commitment or willingness to reach an agreement .The employers engage in a report and seek game with the labor unions .In most cases they cancel meetings with the employees unions and in close to cases, they may agree to belittled proposals or proposals that are of little importance to the employees while giving considerations to others that are of little importance to the union members . Another hindrance to the labor movement is the refusal by employers to offer counterproposals to the proposals of the unions and they sometimes come up with refreshful ones just when it appears like the two parties are reaching an agreement also in some cases they press back on some agendas that had already been agreed upon.These types of delays are only intended to frustrate the efforts of the unions and eventually force them to give up on their de mands. The labor laws in many countries do not provide adequate restrictions or measures to stop these actions by the employers which can be said to be unethical and in bad faith. The labor unions some times become demoralized due to pressure they get from the employees who are always looking upon it to negotiate with the employers on their behalf.A good example is a case where the union goes to court only for the ruling to take too long to pass the judgment and the employers takes advantage of this by putting the blame on the unwillingness or the lack of commitment from the union. During these delays and other hindrances to the employees justice, some of the union members may quit, get sick, or even die and this only serves to weaken the union. The law is primarily to blame for all the woes and problems facing workers unions in many parts of the world.This weakness can be seen in cases where the court rules in favor of the employees because the employer is not ordered top pay any m onetary fines but is just to go back to the negotiating table with the employees. Mostly, majority of the cases that are forwarded by employees to the courts are ruled in favor of the employers and this discourages new members from the joining the union and all that the union gets from such cases is just recognition.The growth of labor unions during the 19th centuryThe growth of unions during this time took a different direction from what was previously known. Before this time, only skilled laborers or workers were allowed to join unions hence locking their counterparts who were not skilled out of any workers union that could voice their grievances. Before this time too, most of the labor unions were made up specific ethnic groups and they also allowed female employees to join the union unlike in the past where females were locked out of any unions.The old tactical maneuver of applying militant like tactics so as to voice grievances were done away with and the new multiplication of labor unions embraced the new approach of using negotiations as a tool in fighting for their rights. This didnt work for long since soon afterwardwards, there rose the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) which didnt like the approach used previously and it advocated actions like mass actions and strikes to forward the workers grievances. This new union didnt discriminate anyone and it was made up of workers (skilled and non skilled) and it also didnt discriminate members on either race or gender.This new union fought for the freedom of run-in for workers which were not allowed there before. Later afterwards, there rose NLRA which came into an agreement with the government. The agreement saw both parties agree that, employees were to forward their complains through unions instead of taking direct actions.In 1950s labor unions became more powerful and were able to negotiate with large companies through a small number of union officials and the members were notified later after the final details of the agreement had been reached. The workers desisted from mass actions and embraced this new idea. Anyway, the union could call strikes anytime the employers showed unwillingness to listen to them.Since this union brought together almost all workers, the employers had little or no workers to replace those who were on strike and so they couldnt break it. Currently, things have changed in favor of the employers. This change can be attributed to slack labor markets and unfair legal setups. Many modern companies do not encourage labor unions and do not fear actions like strikes since they see them as opportunities to hire replacements. The advancement in technology has also contend a role in collapsing of labor unions since machines have taken jobs that were previously done by people.The most effective tool that the labor unions have been left with is negotiations. For good results to be realized, the union needs to nominate unity among its members and prepare a document that outlines its goals, and a timetable for the actions it plans to take. These are essential incase the union is assiduous by a potential employer over an employment contract. Modern labor laws, unlike the ancient ones, evidence between mandatory and permissive subjects of bargaining. Lastly, when the terms of the contract between the labor union and the employer have been finalized, the two parties signs a collective bargaining agreement which serves as the law throughout the duration of the contract.References1. David Green & Lawrence Cromwell (1984) joint Aid or Welfare State. Australias Friendly Societies.2. Beverly Silver (2003) Forces of Labor. Workers Movements and Globalization since 1870, Cambridge University Press.3. St. James Press (2003) .Encyclopedia of Labor write up Worldwide. St. James Press4. John Hinshaw and Paul LeBlanc (2003) U.S. labor in the twentieth century studies in blue-collar struggles and insurgency. Amherst, NY Humanity Books

Managerial Accounting In Business Essay

Managerial Accounting is know as the tongue of business. Formalization of development and numbers in such(prenominal) a manner so as to jockstrap to arrive at decisiveness making and monetary fancyning is the main aspi dimensionn of chronicle process. While book safekeeping is mainly c one timerned with organizing and keeping records, i.e. books of accounts but motorbusial accounting atomic number 18 employed to examine the data of study for taking major business c flake outs.Managerial answer fors atomic number 18 prep atomic number 18d from Managerial accounting statements. Managerial accounting assists charabancs to plan and manage an organizations operations. Budgets are prepared to convey managements goals in monetary terms by measuring, identifying, analyzing, accumulating, communicating and reading accounting and pecuniary information. Over a period, performance reports are prepared to evaluate the unfeigned results with that of budgeted one. With the help of approach accountants, the management keeps watch of how much it cost a comp few(prenominal) to manufacture a harvest-festival or to provide the service. (Horngreen, Stratton & Sundem, p.5)Managerial accounting does not require complying with rules and procedures of the GAPP. An organisation prat develop its deliver internal accounting system that provide suit most to the postulate of the community.Managerial report is a devise for using a monetary metric (dollars) as a normalizing mechanism for taking decision about different choices and alternatives. For instance, a managerial report helps you to come to a conclusion whether it is better to add up 1000 customer account advocates in a call centre in UK, against facultying a substance abuser experience and technical writing de get off the groundment in California and investing in billions in spontaneous harvest-times, Managerial reporting helps to take decisions and to do right thing.The practice of pecuniary analys is germinate from the budgeting and accounting reports of an organisation and thus directs to generation of managerial reports that explain into the firms overall strategic decision making process. Hence the quality of the report at all level is more significant. The financial statement should reflect the true fiscal position of the organisation and it should not be an obscure. Financial and managerial reports should queer a factual picture of the organizations performance, making it to the outsiders and financial analyst to interpret financial results on their own. MAKING MANAGEMENT DECISIONS THROUGH APPLICATION OF FINANCIAL DECISIONSIn this chapter, let us visit how financial analysis and reporting are processed and is being used as efficient financial puppets. For all decisions made in an organisation must be based on prudent financial information and careful analysis. Can we open a naked as a jaybird branch? How many hours per week can we afford to operate our factory? How productive is our employees? How much money is being lost on workers calorie-free time? How cost effective was the training intercession? Can we prolong our work at new be? To answer to all the above questions, a manager needs financial and managerial comment mainly accounting datas. (Wertheim Paul, 1993)A prudent financial analysis may help to discover the deficiencies in other management areas like project or program management, human resource management, the approachability and use of technology or the organizations leadership. As a curative measure, a manager may have to review his organizations management strategies, resources, structures, internal and external information needs and capabilities.This broad view may help to enlighten managers perspective on how financial management contributes to ones organisation. thereof this testament induce the manager to suitably design or change the chart of accounts, reports, improve financial reforms and databases and train sta ff to efficiently employ financial information on continuous institution.2.1. Deciding on Labour and Staffing patternsEmployee cost will disclose the hours worked, cost of staff time and this will help the manager to consider the tote, compensation issues and staffing matters. genius can evaluate from entire financial data to study how overtime pay and leave pay accrual are influencing labor cost or employee cost of the organisation. This financial analysis can reveal which actions are most tote oriented which may guide you to restructure management processes and control the level of effort of employees of an organisation. (Hake, E. R., 2005).2.2 Fixing fees for services and other fees equal to provide a particular service can be derived from financial datas of an organisation as this will help the management to take critical decisions like estimating prices for any products or services , developing budgets , bidding for new projects or business or planning in reduction of cos ts. If the cost per service of an organisation is arrived at, then it will be easy to take into other factors such so as to come to a decision how to offset these costs.2.3 Determing the combination of services Cost per unit of production, cost per unit sold of different services and their cost effectiveness can be derived from financial data of an organisation and this can be utilized to decide to which services to provide, emphasize, promote or subdize. Further informations like clientele, catchments population, service utilization and service volume are similarly needed for this purpose. By monitoring the services which are rarely used or often lose money, a manager can conclude how trump out to apply appropriate changes.2.4 Estimating future supply costs and inventoryFrom the financial data of an organisation we can infer the price fluctuations, consumption patterns, the costs of keeping supplies in stock which accepts transportation, logistics, personnel and facilities manag ement. A manager can use this information for taking decisions such as which supplier to select, which supplier has to be renegotiated, to purchase inventory on a seasonal basis so as to reap the benefit of price advantage through out the year. A manager has overly to decide whether the costs of spoiled and expired stock need to be controlled or contained.2.5 analysis of VarianceA variance analysis is an exhaustive assessment of disparity between actual and mean results. The main three part of variance analysis are assessment of the actual cost with that of budgeted cost (expenses), assessment of the intended quantity of an activity or procurement with the actual quantity and valuation of the actual output with the planned output. (Kohl beck, M., 2005).2.6 BudgetIt can be explained as a detailed financial plan revealing expected future income and expenses. As an effective controlling tool, it helps to scrutinize current operating environments of an organisation. present(prenomin al) corrective action can be resorted by analyzing and on reviewing and reacting variances between expected and actual expenses once variance is reported.2.7 CASH FLOW STATEMENTIt signifies how cash was engendered and how it was used up for the business purpose. It discloses the incoming and crush of cash in an organisation and it reports various types like cash function from financial activities, cash flow from operating activities and cash flow from investing activities. It is being deployed by financial managers to assess whether there will be sufficient cash on hand to meet expenditure requirements. RISK MANAGEMENTA prudent manager can manage the attempty conditions by constant examining of financial status of his organisation. accredited happenings may bring potential impairment to the organisation. For instance, a sudden increase in repair costs and sharp decline in sales revenue may leave the organisation without enough property to provide services and fulfill objectives . A manager must review likely risk and to bar or control perilous situations like failure to meet quality, performance, budget objectives. Financial datas are the immense source in risk management process which will help to valuate the risks by resources type like inventory, employees, cash, facility or receivables.Finance managers normally apply two techniques for handling risk mitigation and contingency planning. Risk alleviation guarantee strategies and procedures to control, prevent, or reduction of impact of the risk event if it transpires. For instance, if there is risk of fall in sales revenues, a mitigation technique would be to add more products or diversification of business so that the decline in sales of a particular product may not be detrimental. Like wise, a contingency plan would be to add up a reserve fund that could be used to supplement the fall in sales revenue due to competitors strategy or depression. (Kristy James E., 1994) PRUDENT MANAGEMENT DECISIONS FRO M FINANCIAL DATASOne of the critical financial management aspects is to build good financial decisions. Since financial management influences all part of management, it is better to recognize and realize the sound financial management and discover how to use sound financial information.One of the best ways to compare the financial performance is to look into the competitors performance. For instance, a hospital may look into the hospital wide financial reporting which helps to understand how they have performed and to analyse the reasons for poor performance if any. Comparing the gross and net margin with the other hospitals will help to raise the loophole.Further comparison of actual with that of budgets will also assist to know whether revenue and expenses are with in the budgeted range and if there is a variance, the reasons for the same. A hospital may keep a strict spirit on its margins and various means to measure the level of profitability by having close watch on emergenc y department visits, inpatients admissions, surgeries, revenues from scan and x-rays and blood testing etc. This information will help a hospital to manage its cost either on monthly or periodical basis. Admission rates, costs and gross revenues may act as best performance indicators.For example, if the number of outpatient department visits at a particular facility is trailing back, then CEO will talk to physician to know the reasons. Thus managerial report helps to take a decision for the discontinuance of a poorly performing product line.1 CASH FLOW RATIOS CAN BE EMPLOYED TO FIND REASONS FOR BUSINESS FAILURESCash flow information can be utilized to escort out the success or failure of the business in advance as it has been evident from the previous empirical studies like Gentry, 1984, Bernard and Stober, 1989, Carslaw and mill ,1991 , BarNiv 1990. Most of these studies have name that the level of cash inflows and outflows from various activities are highly interconnected and a failure of any part of the system to function may jeopardize or cause the entire firm to fail. (Glover, J. C., 2005)The key ratios are 2Current ratio 2 to 1,Quick ratio 1 to 1Liquidity ratio 0.40 to 1Equity / debt ratio 1.65 to 1Return on Equity 14%If you apply the above ratio and can find out the 80% of the financial health of any company. For instance, if unusual increase in accounts receivable may lead to conclusion that accounts receivable are being managed very badly and may result in high bad debts. But if you have at closer look, you may find out that the company may have introduced a new product or a new market where such receivables are considered to be rational and the new product may elevate the company to soaring heights later or vice-versa.Financial Ratios can foretell ensample signsCompanies in distress offer difficult analytical problems for analyst. Financial problems like problem in encounter obligations like equity deficiencies, liquidity problems, funds shortage and debt default.Operation problems may result in future revenues may be doubtful, ability to operate in danger, consistent failure in operational success, uneconomical management, poor control over business operations. supernumerary indicators like incurring operating losses , trigger of liquidity process , a waning parceling of product market , delaying payments to short term creditors , skipping of dividends , shackle default and rating changes , bank account too overdrawn , insufficiency of cash flows . (Barker, R., 2004).The major disadvantages of the financial ratios include the timeliness of the financial statements, location within the trade cycle, the lack of consideration of the business sector and the swing of accounting policies. The financial ratios are the best indicators for further examination and not to be construed as a means themselves. CONCLUSIONThus, management reports are very key elements of the business world. Most of the companies have some form of e ach type of accounting knitted into their business operations. By gulling appropriate standards for each, the company will be able to successfully keep track of their financial standing for internal as advantageously as external objectives.Banks and financial institutions which have vested interest in borrowing firms should ascertain that the borrowers have to adopt policies regarding requiring customer to prepare the financial reports as per the guidance of Generally accepted accounting principles ,auditor rotation , essential information on off balance sheet items .Financial analyst should view corporate financial statements and pay special attention to accountants opinion letter, management discussion, and the notes to the statements and analysis on everyday companies and also consider the implications of managements decisions relative to accounting policies.A financial analyst should also review the companys latest form 8-k, which is filed with SEC which records the occurrenc e of any material events or corporate changes of importance to investors or lenders like any disagreement the firm has had with the auditors, any of late changes in the constituent of audit firm.( Saatci, E,2004)By diligent financial analysis, one can identify the accounting irregularities from the financial and managerial reports of an organisation and thus avoid doing business with the management of questionable integrity.Likewise, benchmarking surveys and best practices reviews are just tools for detection of problems, finding out ways to improve and signaling positive changes. Though benchmarking and best practices are modern tools for business improvement but they will not cure everything that is ailing a company.Benchmarking and best practices initiatives are most triumphant when they are advanced with an open mind and the belief that they symbolize an bringing up process.Cash flow information can be utilized to find out the success or failure of the business in advance as i t has been evident from the previous empirical studies like Gentry, 1984, Bernard and Stober, 1989, Carslaw and Mills ,1991 , BarNiv 1990Operation problems may result in prospective revenues may be doubtful, ability to operate in danger, consistent failure in operational success, inefficient management, poor control over business operations.Special indicators like incurring operating losses , initiation of liquidity process , a waning allocation of product market , delaying payments to short term creditors , skipping of dividends , bond default and rating changes , Bank account excessively overdrawn , insufficiency of cash flows .Thus this study proves that the companys managerial report and internal report are excellent tools for the measurement of efficacy and financial achievement and also a diagnostic tool to detect the perils in advance to undertake correctional measures. A company may overcome its detrimental factors by undertaking timely correctional methods through its mana gerial and financial ratios or else it has to remain as an old dog which never learns new tricks. BIBILIOGRAPHYHorngreen C.T, Straton, W.O & Sundem, G.L, Introduction to Management accounting (12th ed,), Prentice Hall, New Jersey.Montgomery, H., Lipshitz, R., & Brehmer, B. (Eds.). (2005). How Professionals fake Decisions. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum AssociatesCocheo, S. (2005). The Efficiency Ratio How Good a Tool? ABA Banking Journal, 97(6), 10+.1 Are you keeping an core on your organizations financial pulse? Healthcare financial Management, Dec 2005.2 Kristy James E., hold in financial ratios the good, the bad and the who cares? Business Credit, Feb, 1994.